Emner i filosofi

René Descartes is often described as the first modern philosopher, but much of the content of his "Meditations on First Philosophy" can be found in the medieval period that had already existed for more than a thousand years. Does God exist? If so, what is his nature? Is the human soul immortal? How does it differ from the body? What role do sense experience and pure reason play in knowing? Descartes stands out from his predecessors because of the method he developed to treat these and other fundamental questions. Drawing on his study of mathematics, he searches for a way to establish absolutely certain conclusions based on indubitable premises. His importance in modern philosophy lies in the challenge he offers to every subsequent thinker in philosophy and science.The French philosopher Descartes is often called the "Father" of modern philosophy in the West. His Discourse on Method presents the reason why: his method of inquiry. He was the quintessential "rationalist," subjecting all sense experience as doubtful and untrustworthy. Rather than relying on external authority (whether from other people or from God), Descartes demands nothing less than absolute certainty that begins with the self and proceeds step by step with the rigor of logical and mathematical precision. Even though he claims that he has proved the existence of God and explained God’s nature, even that core tenet must be established through rigorous logical argument. No subsequent philosopher is able to ignore this bold and challenging foundation for all thinking. Those who become his disciples as well as those who reject his way of thinking are all under his spell. Many think they have broken that spell only to find that he has shaped them in ways that are not easy to escape.

After Socrates is sentenced to death by the Athenian court, his friend Crito comes to the prison to help him escape and go to another country. Socrates responds by saying that he would accept Crito’s offer only if he can be convinced that it is right and just to do so. This dialogue is not only about Socrates’ particular choice but also about the very essence of law and community.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

John Stuart Mill’s "On Liberty" was first published in 1859. In the 21st century this text confirms Socrates’ claim that "it is only the life of true philosophy that scorns the life of political ambition" (Plato’s Republic, 521). Mill’s thinking about freedom in civic and social life examines fundamental principles shared among conservative, liberal, and radical politicians. The life of true philosophy stands outside the political battles that are rampant in society and seeks the political wisdom that is necessary for a good life in any age. "On Liberty" should be read alongside the classic documents that declare the basic nature and importance of human freedom and liberty such as the "U.S. Declaration of Independence" (1776), the French "Rights of Man" (1789), "The Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention" (1848), and the "United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (1948). When the officials of any government seek to change the laws that regulate individual liberty or when rhetoricians seek to change public opinion about what individuals should or should not be allowed to say or do, Mill’s "On Liberty" serves as an antidote to the poisons of excessive intrusion into the lives of individuals.Mill was born in London, the son of James Mill, a Scotsman who came to England and joined with Jeremy Bentham to develop utilitarianism. Today John Stuart Mill is also known as one of the major proponents of utilitarianism, but the depth of his philosophical thinking goes far beyond the disputes among ethical theorists. In spite of his criticism of some aspects of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, his ethical position eventually embraces Kant’s most basic concepts: autonomy and universality. Mill contributed to logic, philosophy of science, epistemology, economics, psychology, politics, and ethics. He was also an early proponent of the rights of women.

In Euthyphro, Socrates is on his way to the court where he must defend himself against serious charges brought by religious and political authorities. On the way, he meets Euthyphro, an expert on religious matters, who has come to prosecute his own father. Socrates questions Euthyphro’s claim that religion serves as the basis for ethics. Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Socrates is on trial for his life. He is charged with impiety and corrupting young people. He presents his own defense, explaining why he has devoted his life to challenging the most powerful and important people in the Greek world. The reason is that rich and famous politicians, priests, poets, and a host of others pretend to know what is good, true, holy, and beautiful, but when Socrates questions them they are shown to be foolish rather than wise.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Whitehead presented these three lectures at Princeton University in 1929. Although 85 years have passed, his central thesis and his analysis remain remarkably current. The scientific materialism that Whitehead opposed with such vigor continues to dominate in academic circles, and even now those who question that worldview are often accused of being anti-scientific. This is especially true in discussions of the nature of the human mind and its relation to the body (particularly the brain). It is hard to find a contemporary thinker with a better perspective on the nature and role of natural science than Whitehead who, with Bertrand Russell, published the "Principia Mathematica" in 1910; who taught logic and mathematics at Trinity College of Cambridge University; who taught philosophy of science at University College London; and who was professor of philosophy at Harvard University beginning in 1924. Whitehead’s cosmology is far from anti-scientific, but he does explain why scientific method and technological practice alone are not able to provide a comprehensive understanding of the full range of human thought and experience. This work explains what we must do to achieve such a comprehensive understanding.Whitehead, with Bertrand Russell, published the "Principia Mathematica" in 1910; he taught logic and mathematics at Trinity College of Cambridge University; he taught philosophy of science at University College London — with special emphasis on the conceptual impact of contemporary physics; and he was professor of philosophy at Harvard University, beginning in 1924, where he taught metaphysics. Whitehead’s cosmology is far from anti-scientific, but he does explain why scientific method and technological practice alone are not able to provide a comprehensive understanding of the full range of human thought and experience.

Art is the creative manifestation of essences. In order to understand the relation between art and reality, we need a philosophical guide. The best way to comprehend how the creative act of imagining enables the mind to seek reality is to employ the kind of dialectical thinking that Plato used in his dialogues. Beginning with the shadows on the wall of the cave in which each person dwells, that process gradually enables us to grasp the essences that are manifested in individual works of art. Without a philosophical guide, we are likely to encounter only a blur of images in the visual arts, a cacophony of sounds in music, a whirl of activity in the theater, and chaos in the building of cities. It is too much to expect a set of final answers to any serious question about what is true, good, or beautiful. If we abandon the quest for reality, we settle for too little. Plato’s dialectical approach offers a path between Scylla and Charybdis.Albert A. Anderson, Ph.D., is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Babson College in Massachusetts, where he held an endowed chair as Murata Professor of Ethics from 1995 to 2003. He has also held tenured faculty appointments in philosophy at Clark University and Albion College and full-time positions at Bates College and Rhode Island School of Design. He was a founding member of the International Society for Universal Dialogue serving as its president from 1996-2001. He joined Edward Casey in translating from French "The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience" by Mikel Dufrenne (Northwestern University Press). He is president of Agora Publications, Inc., which specializes in translating, adapting, and performing classical philosophical texts.

Hippias of Elis travels throughout the Greek world practicing and teaching the art of making beautiful speeches. On a rare visit to Athens, he meets Socrates who questions him about the nature of his art. Socrates is especially curious about how Hippias would define beauty. They agree that "beauty makes all beautiful things beautiful," but when Socrates presses him to say precisely what he means, Hippias is unable to deliver such a definition. The more Socrates probes, the more absurd the responses from Hippias become. This is one of Plato’s best comedies and one of his finest efforts at posing the philosophical problem of the difference between particular things and universal qualities.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

The dramatic nature of Plato’s dialogues is delightfully evident in the "Symposium." The marriage between character and thought bursts forth as the guests gather at Agathon’s house to celebrate the success of his first tragedy. With wit and insight, they each present their ideas about love — from Erixymachus’s scientific naturalism to Aristophanes’ comic fantasy. The unexpected arrival of Alcibiades breaks the spell cast by Diotima’s ethereal climb up the staircase of love to beauty itself. Ecstasy and intoxication clash as Plato concludes with one of his most skillful displays of dialectic.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

The "Dao De Jing" exists on the border between poetry and philosophy, embracing both mythos and logos. Its poetic form can stand alone, but it is enriched when its timeless ideas are analyzed and explained through careful scholarship. For example: "He who knows others is knowledgeable. He who knows himself is wise." These words resemble Socrates’ account of his own quest in Plato’s "Apology". Ancient philosophy, both in China and in Greece, places self-knowledge at the center of the search for wisdom. Contemporary philosophers are often misled about this way of thinking, because the self has been detached from external things and separated from nature and society. The wisdom of China and of Europe unites human existence and nature.Lao Zi was a scholar responsible for the imperial archives in China. He was a contemporary of Confucius, but most of what is told about his life is considered to be legend rather than documented history. One story says that Lao Zi grew weary of the foolish ways of his fellow human beings and headed to the desert to die. On the way, the gatekeeper recognized him and persuaded him to transcribe his wisdom before leaving. Whatever its source, the "Dao De Jing" continues to shape the consciousness of human beings throughout the globe, turning the mind from the external world to the depths of the soul.

The "Republic" poses questions that endure: What is justice? What form of community fosters the best possible life for human beings? What is the nature and destiny of the soul? What form of education provides the best leaders for a good republic? What are the various forms of poetry and the other arts, which ones should be fostered, and which ones should be discouraged? How does knowing differ from believing? Several characters in the dialogue present a variety of tempting answers to those questions. Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon all offer definitions of justice. Socrates, Glaucon, and Adeimantus explore five different forms of republic and evaluate the merit of each from the standpoint of goodness. Two contrasting models of education are proposed and examined. Three different forms of poetry are identified and analyzed. The difference between knowing and believing is discussed in relation to the objects of each kind of thinking.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Socrates is in prison, sentenced to die when the sun sets. In this final conversation, he asks what will become of him once he drinks the poison prescribed for his execution. Socrates and his friends examine several arguments designed to prove that the soul is immortal. This quest leads him to the broader topic of the nature of mind and its connection not only to human existence but also to the cosmos itself. What could be a better way to pass the time between now and the sunset?Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

A dialogue between Socrates and Meno probes the subject of ethics. Can goodness be taught? If it can, then we should be able to find teachers capable of instructing others about what is good and bad, right and wrong, or just and unjust. Socrates and Meno are unable to identify teachers of ethics, and we are left wondering how such knowledge could be acquired. To answer that puzzle, Socrates questions one of Meno’s servants in an attempt to show that we know fundamental ideas by recollecting them.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Plato’s dialogues frequently cover several topics and show their connection to each other. The "Phaedrus" is a model of that skill because of its seamless progression from examples of speeches about the nature of love to mythical visions of human nature and destiny to the essence of beauty and, finally, to a penetrating discussion of speaking and writing. It ends with an examination of the love of wisdom as a dialectical activity in the human mind.Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Aristotle's Poetics is best known for its definition and analysis of tragedy and comedy, but it also applies to truth and beauty as they are manifested in the other arts. In our age, when the natural and social sciences have dominated the quest for truth, it is helpful to consider why Aristotle claimed: "poetry is more philosophical and more significant than history." Like so many other works by Aristotle, the Poetics has dominated the way we have thought about all forms of dramatic performance in Europe and America ever since. The essence of poetry lies in its ability to transcend the particulars of everyday experience and articulate universals, not merely what has happened but what might happen and what ought to happen. Perhaps the greatest tribute to Aristotle comes from St. Thomas Aquinas who, in the 13th century, simply referred to him as "the Philosopher" and called him the master of those who know. Born in northeastern Greece, Aristotle went to Athens as a young man to study in Plato’s Academy where he remained for more than 20 years. When Plato died, he left the Academy, and four years later he returned to Macedonia to tutor the king’s son who quickly became Alexander the Great, the ruler of most of the civilized world. Like Plato, Aristotle’s writings extend far beyond what we currently call philosophy, including the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities.

Laches, a general in the Athenian army, saw Socrates fight bravely in the battle of Delium. When he and Nicias, another general, are asked to explain the idea of courage, they are at a loss and words fail them. How does courage differ from thoughtless and reckless audacity? Can a lion be said to be courageous? What about small children who have little idea of the dangers they face? Should we call people courageous who do not know whether their bravery will produce good or bad consequences? What kind of education and training promotes both courage and goodness in people, whether they are young or old? Plato constantly presents courage as an essential quality for all who seek to live a good life, so what does it mean when even the bravest leaders of Athens cannot tell us what courage really is?Plato lived in Athens, Greece. He wrote approximately two-dozen dialogues that explore core topics that are essential to all human beings. Although the historical Socrates was a strong influence on Plato, the character by that name that appears in many of his dialogues is a product of Plato’s fertile imagination. All of Plato’s dialogues are written in a poetic form that his student Aristotle called "Socratic dialogue." In the twentieth century, the British philosopher and logician Alfred North Whitehead characterized the entire European philosophical tradition as "a series of footnotes to Plato." Philosophy for Plato was not a set of doctrines but a goal — not the possession of wisdom but the love of wisdom. Agora Publications offers these performances based on the assumption that Plato wrote these works to be performed by actors in order to stimulate additional dialogue among those who listen to them.

Kaksi veljesta, Lauri ja Juha, elelevat rinnakkain samassa suurehkossa talossa puolisoidensa kanssa. Kuitenkin vain Lauri saa lapsia. Laurilla kuluu rahaa perheeseen, kun taas Juhalla jaa rahaa enemman saastoon lapsettomuuden takia. Kun Juha sairastuu, Lauri alkaa pikkuhiljaa himoita Juhan rahoja - ja Laurin katkera asenne myrkyttaa myos hanen vanhimman poikansa mielen."e;Isain pahat teot lasten paalla"e; on Pietari Paivarinnan moraalia kasitteleva romaani vuodelta 1887.-

Hvad kendetegner kærlighed?Det er det store spørgsmål, som "Kierkegaard og kærlighedens kendetegn" forsøger at give svar på.Søren Kierkegaards bog "Kjerlighedens Gjerninger" udkom i 1847. Den har siden opnået nærmest ikonisk status; det er en bog, der bliver refereret til og citeret fra i mange forskellige sammenhænge, og det er en af den slags bøger, der kan være livsforandrende for sin læser. Men det er også en bog, der har ry for at være svær at læse.I "Kierkegaard og kærlighedens kendetegn" udlægger Pia Søltoft Kierkegaards tekst for os, så den bliver letforståelig og vedkommende. Søltofts gennemgang af Kierkegaards mesterværk gør det indlysende klart, at Kierkegaards tekst holder og har mere at sige sin læser i dag end nogensinde før.Pia Søltoft (f. 1963) er ph.d., forfatter og ejer af konsulentfirmaet Coaching-Kierkegaard. Fra 2017 har hun tillige været ansat som sognepræst ved Christians Kirke i København, og fra 2019 også som sognepræst ved Esajas Kirke på Østerbro.Før da var Pia Søltoft fra 2000 til 2016 lektor i etik og religionsfilosofi med særligt henblik på Søren Kierkegaard ved Københavns Universitet. Fra 2010 til 2013 var hun leder af Søren Kierkegaard Forskningscenteret og en af nøglepersonerne i markeringen af 200-året for Søren Kierkegaards fødsel. Hun er desuden forfatter og medforfatter til en lang række bøger om Søren Kierkegaard.

Este audiolibro está narrado en castellano.No hay grande ni pequeño para el alma que lo hace todo. Donde ella llega, todas las cosas están, y llega a todas partes. Yo soy dueño de la esfera, de las siete estrellas y del año solar. De la mano de César y del cerebro de Platón, del corazón del Señor y del arte de Shakespeare.Ralph Waldo Emerson nació en Boston, en 1803. Estudió en Harvard y en la Cambridge Divinity School. Viajó a Europa donde conoció al escritor británico Thomas Carlyle y a poetas como coleridge o Wordsworth. Volvió a los Estados Unidos en 1833 y se estableció como poeta, escritor y profesor. Es conocido por el transcendentalismo en sus obras.

- Este audiolibro está narrado en Español neutral."¿Le aflige acaso el verse sumergido por mucho tiempo en la oscuridad? Pues de usted depende que esa oscuridad no sea eterna."Aún cuando el criminal crea que el delito es moralmente justificable, y aún cuando es lo suficientemente hábil como para esconder las pruebas, ¿recibirá su castigo igualmente? Esta novela plantea un profundo análisis psicológico del protagonista, el joven estudiante Rodion Raskolnikov, cuya firme creencia en que los fines humanitarios justifican la maldad, le conduce al asesinato de una usurera petersburgués. Desde entonces, el joven experimenta la otra cara del crimen: el castigo de la propia mente, y la culpabilidad se transforma en una pesadilla constante con la que es incapaz de convivir. Raskolnikov, atormentado psicológicamente en términos morales, reflexiona sobre la disputa entre el bien y el mal, el deber y el querer hacer, y explora los grandes cuestionamientos existenciales como la relación entre el sufrimiento y la felicidad.Considerada como la obra maestra de Dostoievski y como clásico universal, esta novela se encuentra entre las más influyentes de la literatura rusa y occidental. Entre las múltiples adaptaciones cinematográficas, se destaca la película de Menahem Golan protagonizada por Crispin Glover y Vanessa Redgrave, así como también fue fuente de inspiración para las películas de Woody Allen, Match Point y Irrational Man.Fiódor Dostoievski (1821 – 1881) es considerado el autor más destacado de la literatura realista de la Rusia zarista y uno de los autores más influyentes de la literatura occidental. Precursor del existencialismo y máximo representante de la «novela de ideas», sus obras exploran la psicología humana. Sus novelas y su vida están fuertemente enlazadas debido a que usó diversas experiencias personales para dar mayor realismo a las historias, lo que a su vez les dio un tono semi-autobiográfico.

Jolsan Matti on entinen merimies, joka on menettanyt merilla toisen katensa. Han elaa niukkaa elamaa luodolla. Konrad Kornman on puolestaan ylaluokkainen mies, joka on paattanyt saada sukunsa kartanon hallintaansa hinnalla milla hyvansa. Pian Konrad ehdottaa Matille kauppaa, josta jokaisen pitaisi kieltaytya. Karl Jacob Gummeruksen romaani "e;Peritaanko vihakin"e; on elava tutkielma ihmismielen synkista puolista. -

Este audiolibro está narrado en castellano.Como es en el corazón, así es en la vida. Lo interior constantemente esta convirtiendose en lo exterior. Todo llega a revelarse. Lo oculto solamente lo esta durante un tiempo, finalmente madura y emerge. La semilla, la planta, la flor y el fruto integran el orden cuadruple del universo. Y a partir de los comportamientos que existen en el corazon del hombre se revelan las circunstancias de su vida. Sus pensamientos florecen en acciones dan el fruto de su caracter y de su destino. La vida siempre esta evolucionando en el interior y luego surge a la luz. Los pensamientos que se han generado en el corazon, finalmente se revelan en palabras, en acciones y en logros. El dolor y la felicidad, el sufrimiento y el doce, el miedo y la esperanza, el odio y el amor, la ignorancia y el conocimiento, no se encuentran en ninguna parte que no sea en el corazón del hombre y todos ellos son únicamente condiciones mentales.James Allen (28 de noviembre, 1864) fue un autor y filósofo británico conocido por sus obras inspiracionales y de poesía. Fue pionero del movimiento literario de la autoayuda. su obra más conocida es "Como piensa un hombre".

La persona que se pueda apartar de las pasiones de la vida y se conceda la oportunidad de entrar y ser consciente de los caminos que se describen en este libro, podrá asentar sus polvorientos pies sobre las incomparables flores de la felicidad. Su mirada se alegrará con emoción al ver la belleza del camino y su mente se refrescará con el dulce perfume de esas flores. Descansado y repuesto, escapará de la fiebre y del delirio de la vida. Fortalecido y feliz, ya no tropezará ni se desmayará sobre el polvo, ni perecerá en el camino, sino que logrará llevar a cabo su viaje con gran éxito.James Allen (28 de noviembre, 1864) fue un autor y filósofo británico conocido por sus obras inspiracionales y de poesía. Fue pionero del movimiento literario de la autoayuda. su obra más conocida es "Como piensa un hombre".

Filosofihistoriker Harald Høffding skelnede gennem hele sit videnskabelige virke mellem fire hovedproblemer – bevidsthedsproblemet (det psykologiske problem), tilværelsesproblemet (det metafysiske problem), vurderingsproblemet (det etisk-religiøse problem) og erkendelsesproblemet (det logiske problem). Her tager han fat om det sidstnævnte, nemlig den menneskelige erkendelse og livsopfattelse. Harald Høffding var en højt anerkendt kulturpersonlighed i sin samtid, og hans erkendelsesteori trækker både tråde til filosoffer som Kant og Kierkegaard, men også til den danske fysiker Niels Bohr, som Høffding kendte personligt.Harald Høffding (1843-1931) var teolog og filosof og virkede gennem 30 år som professor ved Københavns Universitet. I løbet af sin karriere opnåede han en central position i det danske videns- og kulturliv og nød stor anerkendelse både i og udenfor Danmark. Høffding var yderst virksom hele sit liv, og tankegodset i hans bøger er stadig relevant i dag. Udover værkerne om etik, filosofihistorie og psykologi kendes han for monografier om Søren Kierkegaard, Jean-Jacques Rousseau og Baruch Spinoza.

"Elementer" består af en lang række foredrag, artikler og andre tekster fra professor i idehistorie Hans-Jørgen Schanz over en fireårig periode. De belyser på hver sin måde aspekter af og problemer inden for marxismen. Læses de i forlængelse af hinanden, viser de desuden en udvikling i forfatterens egne holdninger til de forskellige problemstillinger inden for marxismen og marxismekritikkens historie i sig selv.Hans-Jørgen Schanz (f. 1948) er en dansk forfatter og professor i idehistorie. Han har udgivet en lang række bøger om filosofi og idehistorie samt kapitalisme og marxisme. Hans-Jørgen Schanz tidligere forfatterskab bærer præg af hans stærke marxistiske holdninger, som han senere bevægede sig væk fra for i stedet at flytte sit forskningsmæssige fokus til relationen mellem modernitet og metafysik.

Georg Brandes introducerer her den berømte filosof Friedrich Nietzsches tænkning, der senere har rodfæstet sig som kanon inden for europæisk filosofi og åndsliv. Bogen er skrevet som del af Brandes berygtede forelæsninger på Københavns Universitet i slutningen af det 19. århundrede.Georg Brandes (1842-1927) er den mest indflydelsesrige litteraturkritiker og –teoretiker i dansk litteraturhistorie. Det var netop Georg Brandes, der definerede de litterære genrer realisme og naturalisme op imod senromantikken, som han så som virkelighedsfjern og præget af tom æstetik. Georg Brandes er den vigtigste teoretiker bag det moderne gennembrud.

I 1941 var alle udmærket klar over, at verden var i en af sine sorteste perioder nogensinde. Det så ikke anderledes ud i Europa, og alligevel påtog den danske historiker og forfatter Vilhelm la Cour sig at grave i den tyske kulturarv for at finde frem til en, der måske kunne appellere til tyskernes ædlere følelser. Gennem den tyske filosof Johann Gottlieb Fichte henvender la Cour sig i "Ord til os i dag" til den tyske nation for at tale om det, der er nødvendigt, den hører.Vilhelm la Cour (1883-1974) var dansk forfatter og historiker. Under anden verdenskrig talte han så højt imod besættelsesmagten, at han blev afskediget fra sit embede som lektor på Birkerød Statsskole og måtte syv måneder i fængsel, før han flygtede til Sverige i 1944. Vilhelm la Cour nåede at udgive over 30 bøger i løbet af sit liv og var endvidere Kommandør af Dannebrog.

"Menneskerettighederne er et revolutionært begreb. Det er overbevisningen om, at magt ikke er ret. De bygger på en forestilling om naturret. De siger, at menneskene er født lige og frie. Mennesket har et ansvar, ingen myndighed kan fratage det. Menneskerettighederne er universelle. De gælder alle."Den geneviske filosof Jean-Jaques Rousseau er den største friheds- og menneskerettighedsforkæmper nogensinde, og hans insisteren på menneskets naturlige frihed blev gennemgående i FN’s Menneskerettighedserklæring fra 1949 næsten to århundrede efter hans død.Peter Wivels bog fokuserer på Rousseaus moralfilosofi og perioden 1750-1762, hvor hans to hovedværker "Samfundspagten" og "Emil" udkom. Bogen er forsynet med en ordbog over filosofiske begreber, så man får en så dyb forståelse som muligt af denne banebrydende filosof, som vi endnu i dag skylder så meget.Peter Wivel (f. 1943) er en dansk journalist, forfatter og redaktør. Han har været chefredaktør på både Information, Weekendavisen og Berlingske Tidende og har desuden arbejdet som korrespondent i Berlin, London og Paris. Peter Wivel har udgivet flere biografier om historiske personer og blev i 1999 Ridder af Dannebrog.

"Det har været min opgave i denne bog at påvise, hvilke de etiske grundtanker er, hvorfra de udspringer, og hvorledes de finder anvendelse i de vigtigste livsforhold. Praktisk erfaring og teoretisk forskning har stedse mere fæstnet den overbevisning hos mig, at de etiske principper – grundlaget og målestokken for alle domme om godt og ondt – har et udspring i selve menneskets natur og vilkår, uafhængigt af alle autoriteter. Denne overbevisning har jeg her søgt at begrunde og gennemføre."Harald Høffdings filosofi udpeger og reflekterer over en håndfuld elementære problemer, hvoraf det ene er vurderingsproblemet eller det såkaldte etisk-religiøse problem. Det etisk-religiøse problem optog Høffding gennem hele livet, og i dette hovedværk knyttes det til samtidens aktuelle forhold.Harald Høffding (1843-1931) var teolog og filosof og virkede gennem 30 år som professor ved Københavns Universitet. I løbet af sin karriere opnåede han en central position i det danske videns- og kulturliv og nød stor anerkendelse både i og udenfor Danmark. Høffding var yderst virksom hele sit liv, og tankegodset i hans bøger er stadig relevant i dag. Udover værkerne om etik, filosofihistorie og psykologi kendes han for monografier om Søren Kierkegaard, Jean-Jacques Rousseau og Baruch Spinoza.

I essayet "Nogle problemer om forholdet mellem væsenslogik og omfangslogik" spørger professor i idehistorie Hans-Jørgen Schanz blandt andet, hvad der egentlig er Karl Marx’ hovedværk, "Das Kapitals", objekt, og på hvilken måde økonomikritikken forholder sig til dette specielle objekt. Bogen dykker ned i "Das Kapital" for at finde frem til Marx’ tanker om logik.Hans-Jørgen Schanz (f. 1948) er en dansk forfatter og professor i idehistorie. Han har udgivet en lang række bøger om filosofi og idehistorie samt kapitalisme og marxisme. Hans-Jørgen Schanz tidligere forfatterskab bærer præg af hans stærke marxistiske holdninger, som han senere bevægede sig væk fra for i stedet at flytte sit forskningsmæssige fokus til relationen mellem modernitet og metafysik.